JKSSB Paid Notes Class 7 – Economics

🚨 Poverty in India

Definition: Poverty is a condition where people cannot fulfill basic needs like food, shelter, education, and healthcare. It indicates deprivation in multiple aspects of life.
Types of Poverty:
- Absolute Poverty: International standard set by the World Bank as living on less than $2.15/day (as per 2022 update).
- Relative Poverty: Refers to income inequality within a society where the poor lag behind in comparison to the rich.
Measurement of Poverty: India uses the consumption expenditure method (NSSO/NSO surveys). Minimum calorie intake + essential expenses are considered.
BPL (Below Poverty Line) Criteria:
- Rural: ₹816/month (Planning Commission, 2014)
- Urban: ₹1000/month
(NITI Aayog will update future criteria)
Important Committees:
- Alagh Committee (1979): First to use nutritional norms (2400 calories rural/2100 urban) for poverty line.
- Lakdawala Committee (1993): Used state-wise price indices for poverty estimation, but ignored health & education needs.
- Tendulkar Committee (2009): Shifted from calorie-based to consumption-based poverty definition. Included health, education expenses.
- Rangarajan Committee (2014): Recommended higher poverty line, considered food, fuel, clothing, education, health.

📌 SSC CGL/CHSL: "Which Committee recommended poverty estimation in 2009?" – Tendulkar Committee

Definition: Unemployment is when individuals willing to work at the current wage rates cannot find jobs.
Types of Unemployment:
- Disguised Unemployment: More people employed than necessary. Example: Agriculture sector in India.

- Seasonal Unemployment: Work is available only during particular seasons (e.g., harvesting time).

- Structural Unemployment: Occurs due to lack of skills or technological changes. Example: Workers displaced due to automation.

- Frictional Unemployment: Temporary unemployment during job change or transition between jobs.

- Educated Unemployment: When degree holders do not find jobs matching their qualifications.
Measurement:
- NSSO/NSO conducts periodic labor force surveys.
- Unemployment Rate: (Unemployed ÷ Labor Force) × 100
Government Schemes:
- MNREGA (2005): 100 days of guaranteed rural employment.
- PMEGP: Promotes self-employment and small businesses.

🧠 SSC GD/CHSL: "Which unemployment is common in Agriculture?" – Disguised Unemployment

Census: Conducted every 10 years by the Registrar General of India. Last census: 2011. Next was scheduled for 2021 but delayed due to COVID-19.
Demographic Transition:
- Stage 1 (Pre-1900): High birth & death rates.

- Stage 2 (1951–1981): Death rate declines but birth rate remains high. Population explosion occurs.

- Stage 3 (Post-1981): Birth rate starts declining. India is currently in this phase.
Population Explosion: Rapid increase in population after 1951 due to healthcare improvements, leading to reduced death rates.
Demographic Dividend: More working-age population (15–64 years) than dependents (children/elderly). This creates a potential for higher productivity if skills & jobs are provided.
Government Measures:
- Family Planning Program (1952): First country to start an official family planning program.

📌 SSC CGL: "What is Demographic Dividend?" – More working-age population than dependents

Published by: UNDP since 1990. HDI measures overall human development, not just GDP.
Components:
- Health: Life Expectancy at birth

- Education: Mean years of schooling & expected years of schooling

- Income: GNI per capita (PPP adjusted)
India's Rank (2023): 134 out of 191 countries. India falls under Medium Human Development.
Other Related Indices:
- MPI: Multidimensional Poverty Index (measures poverty in multiple dimensions like health, education, and living standards)

- GDI: Gender Development Index (measures gender-based disparities)

📌 SSC CGL: "Which organization releases HDI?" – UNDP